Verified studies

Acne

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7475631/
  Conclusion: Acne can cause scarring, as well as psychological disorders such as decreased self-esteem, depression, anxiety and even suicide (3). Nowadays, systemic antibiotics, isotretinoin and topical drugs are used for treatments of severe acne (4).

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35668721/
  Conclusion: According to epidemiologic explorations, acne affects 9.4% of the global population, making it the eighth most common disease globally. Acne perturbs up to 85% of adolescents, while it is periodically misconceived as an ailment that affects teenagers only; nonetheless, it also affects myriad adults. Acne has well-documented psychosocial ramifications, including adverse effects on self-perception, mental health, and social functioning. Acne leads to significant morbidity that is associated with residual scarring and psychological disturbances such as poor self-image, depression, and anxiety, which leads to a negative impact on quality of life.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4132408/
  Conclusion: Acne is a common but serious skin disease, which affects approximately 80% adolescents and young adults in 11–30 age group. 42.5% of men and 50.9% of women continue to suffer from this disease into their twenties. Bacterial resistance is now at the alarming stage due to the irrational use of antibiotics. Hence, search for new lead molecule/bioactive and rational delivery of the existing drug (for better therapeutic effect) to the site of action is the need of the hour. On the word of statistics, globally around 85% of young adults aged 12–25 years old experience certain degree of acne [9]. On an average 42.5% of men and 50.9% of women continue to suffer from the disease in their twenties [5]. One population study in Germany found that 64% of individuals 20 to 29 years old and 43% of individuals 30 to 39 years old had visible acne.

Testosterone

• https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/92/1/196/2598434?login=false Testosterone in men 1987-1997.
  Conclusions: These results indicate that recent years have seen a substantial, and as yet unrecognized, age-independent population-level decrease in T in American men, potentially attributable to birth cohort differences or to health or environmental effects not captured in observed data.

• https://sci-hub.se/downloads/2020-10-14/c4/lokeshwar2020.pdf Testosterone in men 1999-2016. We conclude that TT levels have been declining in young adult men in recent decades.

• https://myparla.com/health-hub/fertility/decreasing-testosterone-levels/
  22 year old man today, has an average testosterone level roughly equal to that of a 67 year old man in 2000

• https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/testosterone_aging_and_the_mind
  Perhaps. The data are far from conclusive, but some studies suggest a link:

• A 2005 study of 565 World War II veterans found that higher testosterone levels in midlife were linked to better preservation of brain tissue in some, but not all, regions of the brain in late life.

• A 2004 study of 400 men age 40 to 80 found that higher testosterone levels were associated with better cognitive performance in older men. No link was observed in younger individuals.

• A 2004 report from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging evaluated 574 men over a 19-year period. Low free testosterone levels predicted an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, even after other dementia risk factors were taken into account.

• A 2002 study of 310 men with an average age of 73 found that higher levels of bioavailable testosterone were associated with better scores on three tests of cognitive function.

• A 2002 study of 407 men between the ages of 51 and 91 found that men with higher free testosterone levels achieved higher scores on four cognitive function tests, including visual and verbal memory.

• A 1999 study of 547 men between the ages of 59 and 89 found that high testosterone levels in older men were associated with better performance on several cognitive function tests.

  External toxins are also wreaking havoc with male hormones.

  Chemicals (including parabens and phthalates) in our environment are disrupting our hormonal balance, causing various degrees of reproductive havoc on a daily basis. These are called hormone or endocrine disrupting chemicals – also known as EDC’s

  They are undoubtedly playing a role in testosterone levels declining at 10% per decade. This decline has gone hand in hand with sperm health which has taken a similar negative trajectory with very worrying predictions for the next generation.

  Only this week (March 2021), leading Epidemiologist Shanna Swan published a book outlining the serious global decline in male fertility stating that;

  Testosterone and mood
  Studies of testosterone and mood are in their infancy. Some research suggests that men with abnormally low testosterone levels, either because of hypogonadism (see below) or androgen deprivation therapy, have an increased incidence of depression, but other studies disagree. Small, short-term studies suggest that testosterone therapy may help alleviate symptoms of depression in some men but that very high doses may promote aggressive or manic behavior. All in all, the bottom line is familiar: More research is needed.

Sperm count

• It comes after a study she co-authored in 2017 found that sperm counts in the west had plummeted by 59% between 1973 and 2011. Swan concluded that testosterone and sperm health are presenting major public health issues and should be treated as such.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1883354/
  There has been a genuine decline in semen quality over the past 50 years. As male fertility is to some extent correlated with sperm count the results may reflect an overall reduction in male fertility.
• https://academic.oup.com/humupd/article/29/2/157/6824414?login=false
  Overall, SC declined appreciably between 1973 and 2018 (slope in the simple linear model: –0.87 million/ml/year, 95% CI: –0.89 to –0.86; P < 0.001). In an adjusted meta-regression model, which included two interaction terms [time × fertility group (P = 0.012) and time × continents (P = 0.058)

Parabens, Paraffin and chemicals

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12419695/
  Daily sperm production and its efficiency in the testis of all groups receiving propyl paraben significantly decreased. The serum testosterone concentration decreased in a dose-dependent manner and the decrease was significant in the group that received the highest dose. The exposure level at which this effect was observed is the same as the upper-limit acceptable daily intake (10 mg/kg body weight/day) of parabens in the European Community and Japan.

• https://archive.epa.gov/oig/catalog/web/html/167.html
  More than 80,000 chemicals are registered for use in the United States. Each year, an estimated 2,000 new ones are introduced for use in such everyday items as foods, personal care products, prescription drugs, household cleaners, and lawn care products. We do not know the effects of many of these chemicals on our health, yet we may be exposed to them while manufacturing, distributing, using, and disposing of them or when they become pollutants in our air, water, or soil.

• https://www.ewg.org/news-insights/news/top-problems-two-tsca-bills
  New Chemicals- Under current law, the EPA cannot ask for more information about a new chemical that is going to be manufactured or imported unless it can show the chemical poses an “unreasonable risk”—a determination that is difficult to make without additional information. While the Senate bill removes this catch-22, the House bill does not.

  Secret Chemicals – Although both bills allow limited disclosure of confidential business information to states and health professionals, the public could remain in the dark on the true nature of these chemicals for decades, as confidential designations remain in place for at least 10 years (or more, if renewed). Only the Senate bill allows EPA to require companies to resubstantiate their claims of confidentiality, including claims that predate the Act. The Senate bill also makes resubstantiation mandatory if EPA determines that a substance doesn’t meet the safety standard.  The House bill, however, doesn’t give EPA the authority to review information once it’s deemed confidential.

  https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122654
  The challenges of regulating industrial chemicals remain unresolved in the United States. The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976 was the first legislation to extend coverage to the regulation of industrial chemicals, both existing and newly registered. However, decisions related to both law and science that were made in passing this law inevitably rendered it ineffectual. Attempts to fix these shortcomings have not been successful. In light of the European Union's passage of innovative principles and requirements for chemical regulation, it is no longer possible to deny the opportunity and need for reform in US law and practice.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35032353/
  Despite the desirable characteristics, the safety of parabens use is controversial after detecting these chemicals in various biological tissues after repetitive and long-term use of formulations containing them. The use of parabens drew public health attention after scientific reports linked skin exposure to parabens with health issues, in particular, breast cancer. In response, worldwide authorities set regulations for the allowance concentrations of paraben to be used in variable cosmetic products.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12111007/
  These data demonstrated that butyl paraben can exert an adverse effect on the male reproductive system at doses that are well below those of the accepted daily intake (ADI) in Japan.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18648085/
  Overall, the results indicate that butyl paraben might have the ability to act as endocrine disruptor by interfering with the transport of cholesterol to the mitochondrion, thereby interfering with steroidogenesis, but also that the two tested parabens do not show clear endocrine disrupting capabilities in our short-term in vivo experiment.

• https://academic.oup.com/occmed/article/62/3/232/1433719
  Parabens, phthalates, and toluene are considered possible endocrine-disrupting chemicals associated with precocious puberty, higher risk of breast cancer, and obesity. Therefore, the use of hair dyes in children or pregnant women is not recommended.

Hair loss

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26843402/#:~:text=Upto 80%25 of European,hair loss during their lifetime.
  Up to 80% of European men experience some degree of androgen-dependent hair loss during their lifetime

Marigold (Calendula Officinalis)

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16372475/
  Conclusion: Marigold healed lower leg venous ulcers 383% faster than the control group

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5776915/
  Conclusion: Significant anti-aging effects on skin

• https://farmaciepropraxi.cz/pdfs/lek/2017/91/06.pdf
  Conclusion: Reduced acne with 79% in 90 days. It improved wound closure, reduces wound colonisation, and also a significant reduction in the amount of exudate, fibrin and necrotic tissue. Complete wound closure was achieved in 78% of patients after 30 weeks of treatment. (Compared to 32% in the control group).

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23555371
  Conclusion: Anti-inflammatory properties when applied top- ically to the skin. and healing

• http://tru.uni-sz.bg/tsj/vol8,Suppl.2,2010/Zh.Ibrahim.pdf
  The results from the questionnaire applied show that after administering in 24 cases of acne at the beauty center “Top Beauty”-Sofia, very good results have been achieved and 79% of treated individuals are satisfied with its use.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34296791/
  Conclusion: Improved productive performance, blood parameters, antioxidant capacity, immunological parameters, microbial content and digestibility.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27433287/
  Conclusion: Stress-reducing properties and potential against cancer

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15908760/
  Conclusion: Protection against irritated skin

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21491442/
  Conclusion: Sun protection, most likely associated with a possible improvement in the collagen synthesis.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22899374/
  Conclusion: Cytotoxic action against target cancer cells. It is noteworthy that cytotoxicity of tea prepared from Calendula officinalis is remarkably higher in comparison to that from Matricaria recutita tea.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11456093/
  Conclusion: The methanolic extract and its 1-butanol-soluble fraction from the flowers of Calendula officinalis were found to show a hypoglycemic effect, inhibitory activity of gastric emptying, and gastroprotective effect

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19374166/
  Conclusion: Calendula officinalis flower extract possessed significant anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan and dextran-induced acute paw edema

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21928714/
  Conclusion: The instrumental measurements produced by formulation reflected significant improvements in hydration and firmness of skin. A study involving human keratinocyte cells found that calendula extract significantly inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines by up to 75%.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34674610/
  Conclusion: leading to the conclusion that healing by secondary intention in acute wounds of the hand and fingers with SEC led to a faster epithelization.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35763437/
  The SCGS could significantly improve inflammatory acne lesions and had a favorable tolerability profile, suggesting its role as an adjunctive treatment in maskne.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27974009/
  Conclusion: Our findings indicate that Calendula officinalis extract is an effective treatment for VLUs.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25266574/
  Conclusion: Two independent extracts of C. officinalis gave time-dependent and concentration-dependent H2 O2 protection against induced oxidative stress. Pre-incubation with the Calendula extracts for 24 and 48 h increased survival relative to the population without extract by 20% and 40% respectively following oxidative challenge. This study demonstrates that Calendula flower extracts contain bioactive and free radical scavenging compounds that significantly protect against oxidative stress in a human skin cell culture model.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3841996/
  Conclusion: C. officinalis exhibits antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and antioxidant properties

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25266273/
  Conclusion: In conclusion, the topical application of C. officinalis after tendon transection increases the concentrations of collagen and non-collagenous proteins, as well as the collagen organization in the initial phase of healing.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23008814/
  Conclusion: The results suggest that the cutaneous application of the essential oil of Calendula prevents UV-B-induced alterations in the level of antioxidants in skin tissue.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7185264/
  Conclusion: Markedly stimulates physiological regeneration and epithelialization. This effect is assumed to be due to more intensive metabolism of glycoproteins, nucleoproteins and collagen proteins during the regenerative period in the tissues.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22523455/
  Conclusion: Finding of this study suggested that calendula oil cream can be used to protect the skin from UV radiations in form of sunscreen cream and to maintain the natural pigmentation of the skin.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3270572/
  Conclusion: This experimental study revealed that C. officinalis presented anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities as well as angiogenic and fibroplastic properties acting in a positive way on the inflammatory and proliferative phases of the healing process.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12189055/
  Conclusion: The results obtained suggest that the butanolic fraction of C. officinalis possesses a significant free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity and that the proposed therapeutic efficacy of this plant could be due, in part, to these properties.

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26606497
  Conclusion: Topical application of Calendula officinalis ointment led to approximately a 30% increase in hydroxyproline, a marker of collagen, suggesting enhanced wound healing.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22606064/
  Conclusion: Calendula ointment was as effective as nystatin, with both treatments successfully treating diaper dermatitis in 68% of infants.

Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides)

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31228942/
  Conclusion: The beneficial properties of fatty acids have been undervalued for several years. In contraposition, new studies reveal that fatty acids have an essential role for human health. The composition of fatty acids found in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) oil is unique for this species, presenting a vast range of health benefits for humans and therefore it is highly valued by both biomedicine and the cosmetic industry.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21963559/
  Conclusion: Sea buckthorn has been scientifically analyzed and many of its traditional uses have been established using several biochemical and pharmacological studies. Various pharmacological activities such as cytoprotective, anti-stress, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, radioprotective, anti-atherogenic, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and tissue regeneration have been reported.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33017636/
  Conclusion: Phytochemical studies reveal the presence of a wide variety of compounds like flavonoids, carotenoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, Omega 3, 6, 9 and rarest Omega 7 and about 190 bioactive compounds. The pharmacological studies demonstrated, sea buckthorn to exhibit antibacterial, anti-sebum, antifungal, anti-psoriasis, anti-atopic dermatitis and wound healing activities. Besides, it has also been included in various cosmeceuticals for its use in skin-eventone, smoothening, rejuvenation, removal of wrinkles, scars, and pigmentation, and also in hair related problems.

  Pharmacological evaluation confirmed the ethnomedically claimed biological actions and other beneficial effects on the skin of H. rhamnoides using scientifically accepted protocols and controls. Its full application in the dermatology may be attributed to the presence of a variety of flavonoids, vitamins, and unsaturated fatty acids.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24007892/
  Conclusion: In conclusion, SBT seed oil has significant wound healing activity in full-thickness burns and split-thickness harvested wounds.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22641502/
  Conclusion: These results suggest that SFB has potential as a protective and therapeutic drug candidate against skin aging that functions by regulating the moisture content, MMP expression levels and SOD activity.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34439527/
  Conclusion: Sea buckthorn shows antimicrobial and antiviral properties, and is a potential nutraceutical or cosmeceutical. It was proven to help treat cardiovascular disease, tumors, and diabetes, as well as gastrointestinal and skin problems. The numerous health benefits of sea buckthorn make it a good candidate for incorporation into novel food products.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28873377/
  Conclusion: These results suggest that Sea Buckthorn (SBT) oil had a beneficial effect on AD-like skin lesions, partially via inhibition of the Th2 chemokines TARC and MDC in inflamed skin.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32638495/
  Conclusion: Unsaturated fatty acid-enriched extract from Hippophae rhamnoides seed reduces skin dryness through up-regulating aquaporins 3 and hyaluronan synthetases 2 expressions

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32466930/
  Conclusion: The exceptional value of sea buckthorn can be seen in the presence of both lipophilic antioxidants (mainly carotenoids and tocopherols) and hydrophilic antioxidants (flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, ascorbic acid) in remarkably high quantities. Some of the main nutrients, especially lipids of advantageous fatty acid composition, contribute to nutritional benefits of sea buckthorn products for a consumer as well.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32600016/
  Conclusion: The pronounced antioxidant and antibacterial properties of sea buckthorn products indicate the importance of sea buckthorn application in health promotion.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25362595/
  Conclusion: The statistical analysis revealed formulation with 5% plant extract was superior compared to placebo (base formulation) as formulation with extract have shown extremely significant improvements in skin hydration (p=0.0003) and TEWL (p=0.0087) throughout treatment course. Moreover, a significant (p<0.05) correlation between the active formulation and the improvement of the skin barrier functions was observed. The active formulation found to be superior to that of placebo.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16633732/
  Conclusion: The sea buckthorn flavone promoted the wound healing activity as indicated by improved rate of wound contraction, decreased time taken for epithelialization (16.3 days versus 24.8 days in controls) and significant increase in hydroxyproline (26.0%) and hexosamine (30.0%) content. These findings were also confirmed by histopathological examinations. In addition, it was observed that sea buckthorn flavone possesses potent antioxidant properties as evidenced by significant increase in reduced glutathione (55.0%), vitamin C (70.0%) and catalase (20.0%) activities in wound granulation tissue. The flavone treatment also resulted in significant decrease in lipid peroxide levels (39.0%). The results suggest that the sea buckthorn flavone promotes wound healing activity.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30142919/
  Conclusion: Sea buckthorn oil partially prevents UV-induced ROS generation and enhances the level of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH), thioredoxin (Trx) and vitamins E and A. Moreover, it stimulates the activity of Nrf2 leading to enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity. As a result, decreases in lipid peroxidation products (4-hydroxynonenal, 8-isoprostaglandin) and increases in the endocannabinoid receptor levels were observed. Moreover, sea buckthorn oil treatment enhanced the level of phospholipid and free fatty acids, while simultaneously decreasing the cannabinoid receptor expression in UV irradiated keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The main differences in sea buckthorn oil on various skin cell types was observed in the case of PPARs-in keratinocytes following UV radiation PPAR expression was decreased by sea buckthorn oil treatment, while in fibroblasts the reverse effect was observed, indicating an anti-inflammatory effect. With these results, sea buckthorn seed oil exhibited prevention of UV-induced disturbances in redox balance as well as lipid metabolism in skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes, which indicates it is a promising natural compound in skin photo-protection.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35306042/
  Conclusions: Exerted the effects of anti-inflammation and repairing skin barrier by regulating Th1/Th2 balance. This finding indicates that TFH is a novel potential agent for the external treatment of AD.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8667579/
  Conclusion: The markedly expressed stimulating effect on the healing process is explained with the rich content of vitamins (A, C, E etc.) and microelements (sulfur, selenium, zinc, copper etc.) in the extract used.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19330185/
  Conclusion: Hippophae rhamnoides L**.** increased significantly blood flow of the wound region (P<0.05). It can be used for the treatment of skin wound healing, preferably than dexpanthenol.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6162715/
  Conclusion: In summary, sea buckthorn oil significantly stimulates the antioxidant system in keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Therefore, sea-buckthorn seed oil prevents UV-induced impair in redox systems as well as lipid metabolism disorders in skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes, which makes it a promising natural substance in skin photo-protection.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34712136/
  Conclusion: A Fatty Acid Fraction Purified From Sea Buckthorn Seed Oil Has Regenerative Properties on Normal Skin Cells tested for cytotoxicity, cytokine and growth factor production, and regenerative effect on normal keratinocytes and skin fibroblasts. Evidence is presented that the palmitic acid enriched fraction was a suitable sea buckthorn seed oil derived product with cell proliferation properties on both skin cell types.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31680964/
  Conclusion: Histopathologically, significant reduction in ear epidermal thickness and skin lesion scores was observed with SBKT. In conclusion, SBKT showed anti-inflammatory and anti-psoriasis-like efficacies in healing chemical-induced inflammation and psoriasis. The possible mode of action of SBKT was found through inhibition of reactive nitrogen species, and downregulation of NF-κB protein and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the present data suggest that Sea buckthorn oil can be used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-psoriatic nutraceutical.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3822464/
  Conclusion: These findings suggest that H rhamnoides L. can contribute to survival of random pattern skin flaps in a dose-dependent way. These effects may be related to blockage of the oxidative enzymes. In addition, this extract may have a role as an enzyme coactivator against the free oxygen radicals produced in membranes and lipoprotein particles and are crucial in preventing lipid peroxidation (24,25). The clinical relevance and experimental findings presented here support the idea that this agent could be used easily in every flap operation.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8776824/
  Conclusion: In view of the results obtained it can be suggested that extracts from H. rhamnoides L. could serve as a non-toxic source of beneficial compounds for a food supplement and cosmetics.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15911921/
  Conclusion: Statistically significantly augmented the healing process, as evidenced by increases in the content of hydroxyproline and protein as well as the reduction in wound area when compared with similar effects in response to treatment using povidone-iodine ointment (standard care). The reduced glutathione, vitamin C, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities showed significant increases in seabuckthorn leaf extract-treated wounds as compared to controls. The lipid peroxide levels were significantly decreased in leaf extract-treated wounds. The results suggest that aqueous leaf extract of seabuckthorn promotes wound healing, which may be due to increased antioxidant levels in the granulation tissue.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7818504/
  Conclusion: Unsaturated fatty acid‐enriched extract from Hippophae rhamnoides seed reduces skin dryness through up‐regulating aquaporins 3 and hyaluronan synthetases 2 expressions

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21814424/
  Conclusion: The in vitro results showed a good stability over 4 weeks of observation period of both the Base and Formulation and the Formulation has anti sebum secretion effects over 8 weeks of observation period.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17131913/
  Conclusion: Protective effect of ethanolic and water extracts of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) against the toxic effects of mustard gas

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6797847/
  Conclusion: In conclusion, SBKT showed anti-inflammatory and anti-psoriasis-like efficacies in healing chemical-induced inflammation and psoriasis. The possible mode of action of SBKT was found through inhibition of reactive nitrogen species, and downregulation of NF-κB protein and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the present data suggest that Sea buckthorn oil can be used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-psoriatic nutraceutical.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29441319/
  Conclusion: In a 2011 study, a formulation containing calendula was shown to reduce C-section scar tissue effectively, though the study did not offer specific percentages.

Nettle (Urtica Dioica)

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34684829/
  Conclusion: Histopathological examination of the wound tissue revealed, among other findings, that inflammation was significantly reduced compared to the control. Urtica dioica L. extract application results in faster wound healing, making the extract ideal for wound healing applications and a novel drug candidate for wound healing.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36864786/
  Conclusion: Ud can lower the activity of a gene called 5α-RII in skin cells, which is important because too much of this gene can lead to skin issues. It lowered the gene's activity by about 41.27%. This plant might be useful for making skin products that can help with skin problems.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31163183/
  Conclusion: Nettle root could prevent some of the effects of prostatic hyperplasia. Extracts of nettle leaf are used as anti-inflammatory remedies for rheumatoid arthritis. Urtica dioica extract significantly increased the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to paclitaxel.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23092723/
  Conclusion: Collectively these results suggest that using lipophilic extracts of stinging nettle may be more effective than traditional tinctures (water, methanol, ethanol) in clinical evaluations for the treatment of inflammatory disorders especially arthritis. A chemical investigation into the lipophilic extracts of stinging nettle to identify the bioactive compound(s) responsible for their observed anti-inflammatory activity is further warranted.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35800714/
  Conclusion: The root of the stinging nettle is used to treat mictional difficulties associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia, while the leaves are used to treat arthritis, rheumatism, and allergic rhinitis. Its leaves are abundant in fiber, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidant compounds like polyphenols and carotenoids, as well as antioxidant compounds like polyphenols and carotenoids. Stinging nettle has antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-infectious, hypotensive, and antiulcer characteristics, as well as the ability to prevent cardiovascular disease, in all parts of the plant (leaves, stems, roots, and seeds). Stinging nettle improves fish reproductive performance, making it a cost-effective aquaculture plant.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35251206/
  Conclusion: Urtica dioica have been widely reported for their excellent pharmacological activities, including antiviral, antimicrobial, antihelmintic, anticancer, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antiarthritis, antidiabetic, antiendometriosis, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiaging effects

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12020933/
  Conclusion: It is concluded that U. dioica can produce hypotensive responses, through a vasorelaxing effect mediated by the release of endothelial nitric oxide and the opening of potassium channels, and through a negative inotropic action

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9413031/
  Conclusion: The extracts from Urtica dioica have showed potent pharmacological activities such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, antihyperglycemic, anti-bacterial, and cardiovascular protective activities

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16635963/
  Conclusion: In the present study, Urtica dioica have beneficial effects in the treatment of symptomatic BPH

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19140159/
  Conclusion: These results provide for the first time, a mechanistic understanding of the role of nettle extracts in reducing allergic and other inflammatory responses.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6100552/
  Conclusion: The leaves are rich sources of terpenoids, carotenoids and fatty acids, as well as of various essential amino acids, chlorophyll, vitamins, tannins, carbohydrates, sterols, polysaccharides, isolectins and minerals. Extracts from the aerial parts of nettles are rich sources of polyphenols, while the roots contain oleanol acid, sterols and steryl glycosides. Due to the variety of phytochemicals and their proportions they contain, nettles show noticeable activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These properties make nettles suitable for a range of possible applications, including functional food, dietary supplements and pharmacological formulations.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23036051/
  Conclusion: Our results showed that the U. dioica leaves are an interesting source of bioactive compounds, justifying their use in folk medicine, to treat various diseases.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31362429/
  Conclusion: The efficacy of this edible plant to prevent or mitigate human cancers has been demonstrated in laboratory conditions as well as in experimental animal models, paving the way to the development of nutraceuticals for new anti-cancer therapies.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36558005/
  Conclusion: The results confirmed that U. dioica is a potential antidiabetic herb having both anti-disaccharidase and glucose transport inhibitory properties, which explained the use of UD in traditional medicine.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31802554/
  Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that nettle may be effective in controlling FBS for T2DM patients

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9923611/
  Conclusion: Our results suggests that part of the antiinflammatory effect of Urtica extract may be ascribed to its inhibitory effect on NF-kappaB activation.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8894011/
  Conclusion: Urtica spp. have renowned pharmacological potentialities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and antiviral effects that correlate, by one hand, with some traditional uses and, on the other hand, with the bioactive phytochemicals present, including phenolic compounds and terpenoids that may be effectively applied for preventive or therapeutic purposes in communicable and noncommunicable diseases.

Rosehip (Rosa canina L.)

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5431748/
  Conclusion: Results showed that rosehip oil significantly promoted wound healing and effectively improved scars.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5485961/
  Conclusion: They carried out a randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial on healthy middle-aged male and female volunteers and studied the effect of rose hip powder on (1) skin wrinkles and (2) red blood cells longevity. Regarding the first part of their study, rose hip powder reduced the depths of crow’s-feet wrinkles, increased moisture content of forehead and improved skin elasticity. On the other hand, Rosa canina powder reduced red cell membrane disintegration and, as a result, increased cell longevity. The anti-aging effects of Rosa canina are related to its antioxidant properties, as certain phytochemicals are able to scavenge reactive oxygen species produced by UV-radiation and so reduce skin damage. Vitamin C might have a dual role in skin protection since as well as its antioxidant effect; it is directly involved in skin and collagen formation. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effect of some components of Rosa canina is also related to protection from UV-induced inflammation and damage. Finally, antioxidant compounds and poly-unsaturated fatty acids are the major contributors to Rosa canina effects on increasing red cell longevity, as both prevent cell membrane damage.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18384191/
  Conclusion: For various preparations of rose hip and rose hip and seed, antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects have been demonstrated.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7766681/
  Conclusion: Furthermore, the rosehip seeds oil has a healing power to treat skin problems such as dermatitis, acne, burns, and eczema.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7823934/
  Conclusion: Rosehip oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia has a unique application in the treatment of acne. Owing to its improved bacteriostatic activity and ability to minimize lesion formation, rosehip oil has been used to treat seborrheic dermatitis and acne vulgaris.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26604725/
  Conclusion: In the double-blinded study, the rose hip group showed statistically significant improvements in crow's-feet wrinkles (P<0.05), skin moisture (P<0.05), and elasticity (P<0.05) after 8 weeks of treatment. The rose hip powder further resulted in increased cell longevity of erythrocyte cells during storage for 5 weeks in a blood bank. Results suggest that intake of the standardized rose hip powder (Hyben Vital) improves aging-induced skin conditions. The apparent stabilizing effects of the rose hip product on cell membranes of stored erythrocyte cells observed in this study may contribute to improve the cell longevity and obstructing skin aging.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6165473/
  Conclusion: This study indicates that R. spinosissima exhibited the greatest phenolic and antioxidant content, and therefore can be used as a reliable source of natural antioxidants, and serve as a suitable species for further plant breeding activities.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30317989/
  Conclusion: Some of the ethnomedical indications of rose hip, such as nephroprotective and gastroproetctive actions, have been confirmed by preclinical pharmacological studies.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34348637/
  Conclusion: Found to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory effects in vitro, clinically reducing the complaints of patients with osteoarthritis and improving their quality of life. Additionally, rosehip has been reported to reduce the production of interleukin-6 and Tumor necrosis factor-α.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7600764/
  Conclusion: Our study confirmed the effectiveness of “ESB 1” (sea buckthorn oil, rosehip oil, and chokeberry extract) in reducing ALT and AST levels, reducing liver oxidative processes, and modulating antioxidant protection.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7835869/
  R. damascena oil showed clear dose-dependent cytotoxic activity in cancer cell lines A549, PC-3, and MCF-7, as well as antibacterial effect in P. acnes.

Rose (Rosa Rugosa)

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12781814/
  Conclusion: The essential oil of Rosa damascena petals was evaluated for its antibacterial effects. In a study involving the antimicrobial properties of rose oil, a 20% concentration was effective at inhibiting the growth of Propionibacterium acnes, the bacteria commonly associated with acne, by approximately 75%

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31353595/
  Conclusion: Our results indicated that Rosa rugosa is good for health and that RAP could potentially be developed as a bioactive product that could be used to combat aging. RAP increased the mean lifespan of C. elegans and enhanced the thermotolerance and resistance to oxidative stress of C. elegans in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, RAP showed powerful antioxidant effects and strong protection against oxidative DNA damage. In conclusion, RAP has antiaging effects on C. elegans, which might be related to its powerful antioxidant effects both in vitro and in vivo.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30503792/
  Conclusion: The analysis of antioxidant activities suggested that RRPS-2 had good potential for scavenging activity of radicals. We also found that the RRPS-2 has strong moisture-preserving activity. These results clearly indicated that RRPS-2 might have a good potential to be utilized in the cosmetics industries.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15746969/
  Conclusion: Showed a marked increase in whole blood and liver. At the same time, the gene-expression level of CAT and GPx was upregulated in the liver, while malondialdehyde content in liver and brain decreased. The mean and the longest lifespan of SAM mice were longer after treatment with rose-flower extract.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35059236/
  Conclusion: REE showed strong radical scavenging activities and inhibitory effect of total lipid accumulation and triglyceride levels in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, REE treatment reduced the mRNA and protein levels of adipogenesis and lipogenesis markers. This REE-promoted lipid reduction was caused by downregulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), and sterol regulatory element binding protein1 (SREBP1c) and down regulation of ERK expression.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19326775/
  Conclusion: Found to have significantly lower liver peroxide, protein oxidation, glutathione levels and plasma ALT and AST activities compared with the rats in the CCl4 treated control group. These findings suggest that Rosa rugosa possesses antioxidant activity.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26797110/
  Conclusion: Our findings are the first to explain the anti-inflammatory mechanism by PRE in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Given these results, we propose that PRE has therapeutic potential in the prevention of inflammatory disorders.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27331439/
  Conclusion: We confirmed the anti stress effects of RO in a sleep-deprived stress model and explored the underlying mechanisms of its action. In conclusion, an R. rugosa extract showed efficacy and potential for use as an anti stress therapy to treat sleep deprivation through its antagonism of the 5-HT6 receptor and resulting inhibition of cAMP activity.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15671686/
  Conclusion: These results suggest that the extract of R. rugosa and its compound, rosamultin, may protect against bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity through, at least in part, enhanced activity of epoxide hydrolase. Antioxidant properties may contribute to the protection of R. rugosa against bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32779813/
  Conclusion: Our results suggested that RA was suppressed to translocate nuclear NF-κB and IL-6-mediated STAT3 activation. Finally, RA led to amelioration of ALI by decreasing myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inhibiting phosphorylation of NF-κB and STAT3. Our group originally found that R. rugosa extract had new methoxy compounds and RA may be alternative natural agent for acute pneumonia similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome by coronavirus.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15481639/
  Conclusion: Rosa rugosa significantly and dose-dependently reduced thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels in serum, hepatic and renal mitochondria, implying that Rosa rugosa would alleviate the oxidative stress associated with diabetes by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. This study provides evidence that Rosa rugosa has potential as a treatment for diabetes through attenuating oxidative stress induced by the diabetic condition.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23063753/
  Conclusion: The experimental results demonstrated the antihypertensive effect of Rosa rugosa Thunb. flowers, which was attributed to inhibition of Angiotensin I converting enzyme.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16945187/
  Conclusion: Compounds from rose (Rosa rugosa) flowers with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25674938/
  Conclusion: This study was performed to investigate the effect of water extract from Rosa rugosa (RRW) on endurance exercise-induced stress. RRW administration resulted in less lipid peroxidation, lower muscular antioxidant enzyme activities, and lower cortisol level. The results suggest that RRW can prevent exercise-induced stress by decreasing oxidative stress levels.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30959857/
  Conclusion: The study revealed the presence of water-soluble and -insoluble polysaccharides (including β-glucans) and protein-polysaccharide conjugates in rose organs. Different polysaccharide-rich extracts showed the ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes (COX-1, COX-2, hyaluronidase), a radical scavenging effect (against DPPH• and ABTS•+), and antiproliferative activity (in the A549 lung and SW480 colon cancer cell lines) in in vitro assays. Therefore, rose crude polysaccharides are very promising and can potentially be used as natural chemopreventive agents.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23818393/
  Conclusion: As a result, significant cytotoxic (up to 100% of dead cells) and antiradical properties (IC₅₀ 1.33-0.08 mg mg⁻¹ DPPH•) were demonstrated. Moreover, notable antimicrobial activity against eight bacterial (i.e. Staphylococcus. epidermidis, S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis) and two yeast strains (Candida. albicans, C. parapsilosis) was shown.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25828785/
  Conclusion: The whole results indicated that FRR could exert anti-hyperplasia effects via modulating the mammary expression of JNK and AKT, as well as alleviating the NFκB related oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27153984/
  Conclusion: As a result, interesting selective cytotoxic effects on cervical (HeLa) and breast cancer (T47D) cell lines, significant antiradical activity (EC50 2.45 mg mg-1 DPPH•) and moderate antimicrobial potential (MIC 0.625-1.25 mg mL-1) were observed.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17693981/
  Conclusion: Each odor decreased levels of C, indicating that odor can attenuate stress. In males, Testosteron increased with Floral.

Thistle (Silybum Marianum)

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19695480/
  Conclusion: The scientific data available for silibinin’s skin protective efficacy against a range of toxic chemicals and ultraviolet radiation with no side effects suggest that silibinin could be an ideal compound for cosmeceutical preparation. This is also further supported by the fact that our experimental findings of skin-related studies with silibinin in the last ten years have generated a momentum of increased use of silibinin in different cosmeceutical preparations. Based on preclinical observations, clinical studies with silibinin in various dermatological conditions, including that of skin aging and cancer.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36973603/
  Conclusion: This dermocosmetic product can be used by adolescents and young adults with acne-prone skin to limit the initial or chronic use of medical anti-acne therapies.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29192469/
  Conclusion: Milk thistle may help protect skin cells from sun damage, according to a study. Milk thistle was particularly good at preventing direct DNA damage.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29271213/
  Conclusion: Milk thistle, known for helping the liver, may also be useful in cancer treatment, according to a review. It could help lessen the side effects of cancer treatments like chemotherapy.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36311193/
  Conclusion: Milk thistle and its main component, silymarin, have patents showing they can help fight certain cancers like skin, prostate, and colorectal. The review suggests that silymarin may be particularly helpful for cancer patients in reducing the side effects of treatments.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17548789/
  Conclusion: Milk thistle, especially its active part silymarin, is good for protecting liver and kidney cells, even during chemotherapy. It shows promise in stopping cancer cell growth in parts like the prostate and skin, but more studies are needed to be sure.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23884490/
  Conclusion: Our results indicate that milk thistle exhibit anti-oxidant capabilities and warrant further study in clinical trials to characterize their anti-cancer and anti-aging capabilities.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32670818/
  Conclusion: Our results indicate components of chamomile, milk thistle, and halophilic bacteria exhibit anti-oxidant capabilities and warrant further study in clinical trials to characterize their anti-cancer and anti-aging capabilities.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18221354/
  Conclusion: Silymarin reduced the infiltration of CD11b+ H2O2+ cells in UV-exposed skin by about 80% (p<0.001). CD11b+ cells produced 88% of total ROS (harmful substances) in UV-exposed skin compared to 12% by CD11b- cells. Silymarin reduced UV-induced ROS production in epidermis by 55-61% (p<0.001) and in dermis by 45-51% (p<0.001). Inhibition of CD11b+ cells by silymarin was similar to the effect of anti-CD11b mAb treatment (p<0.001). These statistics show that silymarin is effective in reducing the harmful effects of UV radiation on the skin by targeting CD11b+ cells and reducing the production of ROS.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16084079/
  Conclusion: Overall, the protective efficacy of silibinin against skin cancer is supported by sound mechanistic rationale in animal and cell culture studies, and suggests its potential use for humans.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30875758/
  Conclusion: Our results suggest that SM and its flavonolignans may be useful agents for skin protection against the harmful effects of full-spectrum solar radiation including slowing down skin (photo)aging.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22976003/
  Conclusion: The current study provides evidence that SB, by increasing STM1 gene expression and extracellular matrix constituents including glycosaminoglycans and collagen contents, promotes a faster wound healing process and can be used as a healing agent in future.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21847388/
  Conclusion: Silibinin induced a loss of cell viability and apoptotic cell death in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the combination of silibinin and UVB resulted in an additive effect on apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. These results suggest that silibinin might be an important supplemental agent for treating patients with breast cancer.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24364787/
  Conclusion: Thus, findings of the present study suggest that the chemopreventive effect of silibinin is associated with upregulation of endogenous cytoprotective machinery and down regulation of inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin -1β, COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κB).

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17521818/
  Conclusion: Results indicate that both systemic and local administration of silymarin was effective against burn-induced oxidative damage and morphological alterations in rat skin. Therefore, silymarin merits consideration as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of burns.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9106644/
  Conclusion: Silymarin reduced tumor incidence from 100% to 60% (P<.003), tumor multiplicity by 78% (P<.0001), and tumor volume by 90% (P<.003). In another protocol with complete UVB-induced carcinogenesis, silymarin decreased tumor incidence to 25% from 100% (P<.0001), reduced tumor multiplicity by 92% (P<.0001), and tumor volume by 97% (P<.0001). The study concluded that silymarin has strong potential to protect against UVB-induced skin cancer, warranting further clinical testing.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9345320/
  Conclusion: The study found that pre-application of silymarin, a flavonoid from milk thistle, provided almost complete protection against TPA-induced tumors, reducing tumor incidence by 85% and multiplicity by 94%. In OA-caused tumor promotion, silymarin resulted in complete protection against tumorigenicity. The topical application of silymarin also significantly to completely inhibited TPA- and OA-caused induction of TNF alpha mRNA expression, indicating its potential as a chemopreventive agent against tumorigenicity.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10545412/
  Conclusion: Silibinin, a flavonoid from milk thistle, was studied for its distribution in various tissues after systemic administration in mice. Peak levels of free silibinin were observed in the liver, lung, stomach, and pancreas at 0.5 hours post-administration. In skin and prostate, peak levels of silibinin were reached at 1 hour after administration.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15033902/
  Conclusion: These findings suggest that silibinin affords strong protection against UV-induced damage in epidermis by a decrease in thymine dimer positive cells and an up-regulation of p53-p21/Cip1 possibly leading to an inhibition in both cell proliferation and apoptosis. Comparable effects of silibinin following its pre- or post-UV application suggest that mechanisms other than sunscreen effect are operational in silibinin efficacy against UV-caused skin damages.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12429970/
  Conclusion: The data obtained from this study also suggest: i) phase-I clinical trial of silymarin in high skin cancer risk human population and ii) development of sunscreen containing silymarin as an antioxidant (chemopreventive agent) or silymarin can be supplemented in skin care products.

Red Clover (Trifolium Pratense)

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17078110/
  Conclusion: The amount of collagen significantly increased in the treated group in comparison with the control group. These findings suggest that red clover isoflavones are effective in reducing skin aging.

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353079058
  Conclusion: At the end of the monitoring period, a 100% coverage was achieved for the treated samples, compared to 52% for the control.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34392659/
  Conclusion: ****In recent studies, the anti-cancer effects of clover (Trifolium) extract co-administrated with standard drugs have been reported in different cancers.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18539019/
  Conclusion: A 24-h pretreatment with 0.5, 1 and 2 microg/ml isoflavones enriched fraction (IEF) significantly increased cell survival and significantly decreased cellular lactate dehydrogenase release from differentiated cortical neurons, indicating that neurons treated with isoflavones were protected from the cell death induced by glutamate exposure.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33133558/
  Conclusion: Our results showed that cotreatment with DOX and T. pratense extract improved stereological parameters (i.e., reduction in the volume of metastatic tumors) in the lung and brain and decreased the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and IL-6). DOX and T. pratense extract synergistically down-regulated MMP-2 and up-regulated SIRT-1 genes, decreased the number of CK5/6-positive cells in tumor tissues, and inhibited metastasis of GATA-3-positive cells into the lung and brain.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20623592/
  Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the influence of phytoestrogen in pain perception in the absence of ovarian estrogen and without toxic side effect

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11594062/
  Conclusion: Equol protected similarly from immunosuppression induced by the putative epidermal mediator, cis-urocanic acid (UCA), indicating a potential mechanism of action involving inactivation of this UV-photoproduct. Since immunosuppression induced by both UV radiation and by cis-UCA appears to be an oxidant-dependent response our observations support the actions of these topically applied isoflavones and their metabolites as antioxidants. They also indicate that lotions containing equol, unlike topical UV sunscreens, more readily protect the immune system from photosuppression than from the inflammation of the sunburn reaction, even when applied after exposure, and thus such compounds may have a future role as sun-protective cosmetic ingredients.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17117453/
  Conclusion: These findings suggest that Red clover isoflavones are effective in reducing bone loss induced by ovariectomy, probably by reducing of the bone turnover via inhibition of bone resorption.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22135679/
  Conclusion: RCE exerted a subject improvement of scalp hair and skin status as well as libido, mood, sleep, and tiredness.

Beeswax

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36999457/
  Conclusion: Several studies show the benefits of topical beeswax in supporting the skin barrier.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15022655/
  Conclusion: 8/10 patients with dermatitis showed significant improvement after 2 weeks.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27633295/
  Conclusion: The few studies showed an antimicrobic effectiveness of beeswax against overall Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger; these inhibitory effects are enhanced synergistically with other natural products such as honey.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34445132/
  Conclusion: Beeswax alcohol was found to have anti-inflammatory effects, reducing paw edema by about 62.2% compared to control.

Pomegranate (Punica Granatum)

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26091382/
  Conclusion: The antibacterial properties of POMx on the most common bacteria associated with the development and progression of acne suggest that the extract may offer a better preventative/therapeutic regimen with fewer side effects than those currently available
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28085116/
  Conclusion: In conclusion, PG-E is abundant in hydrolysable tannins that display multiple anti-acne capacities, including anti-bacterial, anti-lipase, anti-keratinocyte proliferation, and anti-inflammatory actions. Hence, PG-E has great potential in the application of anti-acne and skin-care products.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26454903/
  These results also suggest that skin aging can be prevented and reduced by the antioxidant effects of PCS.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9699032/
  Conclusion: The PE group had significant reductions in wrinkle severity (p < 0.01) and a decreasing trend in the forehead sebum excretion rate (p = 0.14). The participants in the PE group with a higher relative abundance of Eggerthellaceae in the gut had a decrease in their facial TEWL (p < 0.05) and wrinkle severity (p = 0.058). Overall, the study demonstrated improvements in several biophysical properties, wrinkles, and shifts in the skin microbiome with oral PE supplementation in healthy subjects. The significant decrease in wrinkle severity among the subjects in the PE group may also be supported by a study that reported that pomegranate concentrated solution (PCS) possesses anti-wrinkle effects due to its ability to decrease elastase and collagenase activities in normal human primary dermal fibroblast-neonatal (HDF-N cells) [32].
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4041339/
  Conclusion: Pomegranate juice showed a significant elevation in testosterone.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16221534/
  Conclusion: These results suggest heuristic potential of pomegranate fractions for facilitating skin repair in a polar manner, namely aqueous extracts (especially of pomegranate peel) promoting regeneration of dermis, and pomegranate seed oil promoting regeneration of epidermis.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16221534/
  In contrast, pomegranate peel extract (and to a lesser extent, both the fermented juice and seed cake extracts) stimulated type I procollagen synthesis and inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1; interstitial collagenase) production by dermal fibroblasts, but had no growth-supporting effect on keratinocytes.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29526870/
  Conclusion: The study demonstrates that PSO prompted the percutaneous transport of resveratrol. Promising opportunities in serving as a percutaneous enhancer for transdermal preparations.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9865066/
  Conclusion: We concluded that PSOE can be used as a local treatment for skin issues. Further studies are underway.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14585180/
  Conclusion: Overall, the results highlight the potential of pomegranate seed oil as a safe and effective chemopreventive agent against skin cancer.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32428937/
  Conclusion: The products were proved to be non-irritated in 30 Thai volunteers participating in a single application closed patch test. The active serum and mask were better in facial skin lightening efficacy than the placebo (p < 0.005). That was in accordance with the sensory evaluation scored by the volunteers. Phenolic-rich pomegranate peel extract is evidenced as a safe herbal derived material promising for skin hyperpigmentation treatment.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19320737/
  Conclusion: Collectively, these results suggest that all three pomegranate-derived products may be useful against UVB-induced damage to human skin.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26232244/
  Conclusion: The pomegranate seed oil has inhibitory effect on skin and breast cancers. The pomegranate seed oil has phytoestrogenic compounds and the fruit is rich in phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant activity.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34416060/
  Conclusion: Can protect the skin against oxidative stress and slow skin aging.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4007340/
  Conclusion: Pomegranate is a potent antioxidant. This fruit is rich in flavonoids, anthocyanins, punicic acid, ellagitannins, alkaloids, fructose, sucrose, glucose, simple organic acids, and other components and has antiatherogenic, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory properties. Pomegranate can be used in the prevention and treatment of several types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other diseases. In addition, it improves wound healing and is beneficial to the reproductive system. Pomegranate can induce its beneficial effects through the influence of its various bioavailable constituents and metabolites on gene expression.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6787198/
  Conclusion: The MED was significantly increased in the PomX and PomJ group compared to placebo. There was no significant difference on phylum, but on family and genus level bacterial composition of skin samples collected at baseline and after 12 week intervention showed significant differences between PomJ, PomX and placebo. Members of the Methylobacteriaceae family contain pigments absorbing UV irradiation and might contribute to UVB skin protection.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28125044/
  Conclusion: Pomegranate exhibits strong antioxidant activity and is a rich source of anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and hydrolysable tannins. Studies have shown that the pomegranate fruit as well as its juice, extract, and oil exert anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-tumorigenic properties by modulating multiple signaling pathways, which suggest its use as a promising chemopreventive/chemotherapeutic agent. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical studies highlighting the role of pomegranate in prevention and treatment of skin, breast, prostate, lung, and colon cancers.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6312678/
  Conclusion: PSO demonstrated an important therapeutic effect in the treatment of ovarian ischemia and reperfusion injury.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34463139/
  Conclusion: On the 21st day, the granulation tissue level in the closed wound group was found to be higher in the pomegranate group (P = 0.000). The results showed that PSE oil is partially effective

Rice Flour

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35587098/
  Conclusion: Found to be antiaging, anti-inflammatory, whitening, photoprotective, and moisturizing. Moreover, rice-derived ingredients have demonstrated benefits for dermatological conditions. Rice bran ash extract increases melanin synthesis and offers protection from radiation and skin injury. Literature suggests that rice-derived ingredients are also safe, non-irritating, and hypoallergenic.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12353708/
  Conclusion: Rice starch in powder or formulated in a bath product can therefore be recommended as a skin repair bathing additive for barrier damaged skin, particularly in the case of atopic dermatitis patients.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8231118/
  Conclusion: Contained phenolic compounds and flavonoids and exhibited a range of antioxidant activities, such as DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities, reduction capacity, and ORAC. In addition, RPHs effectively inhibited tyrosinase and hyaluronidase activities. The protease was a critical factor affecting the MW patterns of RPHs. The analysis of RPHs indicates their potential for use as an ingredient in cosmetics.
• ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6963690/
  Conclusion: Promising for development of cosmetics for skin protection and antioxidants.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21449379/
  Conclusion: This study has demonstrated the antioxidant activities and skin hydration enhancement of the rice bran bioactive compounds.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201217/
  Conclusion: In conclusion, resveratrol-enriched rice may be a novel, safe and effective natural source for skin whitening agent.

Rose de Mai (Rosa Centifolia)

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6261181/
  Conclusion: Showed anti‐skin inflammatory effects through suppression of UV‐induced MAPK activation. Based on these findings, we have showcased the potential of RPE in novel applications.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7587601/
  Conclusion: Fight against skin stress. In addition, the rose de mai extract can be used for cosmetic applications to fight stress-induced skin fatigue and to boost natural skin defenses against external and internal daily stressors.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3586833/
  Conclusion: This plant contains several components such as terpenes, glycosides, flavonoids, and anthocyanins that have beneficial effects on human health. The pharmacological effects of R. damascene are widespread. Most of the CNS effects are hypnotic, analgesic, and anticonvulsant effects. The respiratory, cardiovascular*,* laxative, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant are other effects of this plant. It is suggested that lipid soluble (non-polar) constituents of this plant are mainly responsible for most of the above-mentioned effects.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5511972/
  Conclusion: Observed that rose oil had physiological and psychological relaxation, analgesic and anti-anxiety effects.

Squalane

• https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ija/2018/1829160/
  In the skin, it has the capacity to absorb up to a quarter of its weight in oxygen, an important factor that prevents the development of cutaneous flora and peroxidase forms that lead to the development of skin diseases, acne, comedogenics, and wrinkles

  Squalane is a natural antioxidant molecule that protects cells from oxidative damage by exposure to ultraviolet light and other external sources; this molecule participates as a defense mechanism for the internal and external tissues of the skin in the human body.

  Given the characteristics of SQ as a natural emollient, it is considered an important component in the formulation of cosmetics and moisturizing agents for skin protection. It is a compound of efficient absorption on the surface of the skin, restoring it without leaving oily residues.

  The SQ is a natural constituent of the skin, which has a moisturizing effect that counteracts the appearance of wrinkles and burns through the fixation of water molecules on the surface of the skin.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22361190/#:~:text=Several
  studies exhibited results that,models and in vitro environments. Several studies exhibited results that prove certain bioactivities for squalene and squalane. Up to date, anticancer, antioxidant, drug carrier, detoxifier, skin hydrating, and emollient activities of these substances have been reported both in animal models and in vitro environments

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4885180/
  Although squalane is produced naturally by the body, the production of this chemical slows drastically after age thirty, thus contributing to dry skin. It can be derived from both plant and animal sources.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1916603/
  squalane (2,6,10,15,19, 23-hexamethyltetracosane) could stimulate the fecal excretion of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran, the most important etiologic agent of Yusho, which was accumulated in the body

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20488530/
  TE is enabled with suitable stimulation to represent the pathology of inflammatory disorders, such as macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue. Our results suggest that Sql-fullerene might be explored as a potential medicine for the treatment of metabolic syndrome or other obesity-related disorders.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6186384/
  In conclusion, Squalane could be a useful natural product that can manage wound healing by its immunomodulation of macrophages; the main innate cells involve in wound healing. It could be useful in the last stages of wound healing resolution, due to its anti-inflammatory properties in the last stage of remodelling and wound closure.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21137794/
  The study suggests that LF-SQ could be a beneficial ingredient in cosmetics designed for wrinkle care. It appears to improve skin moisture, reduce wrinkles, and enhance skin appearance, as observed after 8 weeks of use.

• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780124160033000147
  Several studies exhibited results that prove certain bioactivities for squalene and squalane. Up to date, anticancer, antioxidant, drug carrier, detoxifier, skin hydrating, and emollient activities of these substances have been reported both in animal models and in vitro environments. According to promising results from recent studies, squalene and squalane are considered important substances in practical and clinical uses with a huge potential in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius)

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32522955/
  These results indicate that Safflower Oil and its active compound acacetin can prevent UVB-induced MMP-1 expression, which leads to skin photoaging, and may therefore have therapeutic potential as an anti-wrinkle agent to improve skin health.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35209083/
  Therefore, UAE is evaluated as an effective process to extract skin-whitening, anti-wrinkle, and antioxidant substances from safflower seeds at lower temperatures and shorter extraction times compared to the conventional extraction methods. Overall, safflower seeds extract can be used as a material for value-added cosmetics, including maleic acid and levulinic acid, which have bioactive functions.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35150848/
  Overall, this study provides an applicable therapeutic method through targeting hair follicles and reducing microinflammation to accelerate hair regeneration in AGA.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36701815/
  Accordingly, the formulation was considered safe for use. Sun protective factor (SPF) test shows a value above 15, showing an excellent promising application as the photoprotective agent to prevent symptoms associated with photoinduced skin aging.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33204394/
  Safflower oil could be considered as a good natural alternative remedy in the management of skin wounds and their possible microbial infections.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31701721/
  Safflower water extract can improve skin condition (or dermal thickness), and its mechanism may be related to reducing immune inflammatory response.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23822553/
  This protective effect is possibly related to the anti-oxidative property of HSYA and mediated by promoting endogenous collagen synthesis. This is the first study providing preclinical evidence for the protective effect of HSYA against photoaging.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30165861/
  The expression of oleosin-hEGF-hEGF in T3 transgenic seeds was 80.43 ng/μL oil body. It had significant proliferative activity on NIH/3T3 cells and improved skin regeneration to accelerate wound healing.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29057820/
  The application of oleosin-rhFGF-10 in oil bodies promoted its delivery through the skin, providing a basis for improved therapeutic effects in enhancing wound healing and hair growth.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3688908/
  This study talks about how not having enough of a special type of fat called essential fatty acids, found in things like safflower oil and primrose oil, can make skin very dry and scaly. They found that giving these oils to guinea pigs helped make their skin better, but fish oil didn't work as well. This shows that different types of fatty acids have different effects on the skin.

• https://journals.innovareacademics.in/index.php/ajpcr/article/view/27431
  92% of the subjects experienced more moisturised skin and less wrinkles within 2 weeks of treatment.

Sunflower (Helianthus anuus seed oil)

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22995032/
  Sunflower seed oil preserved stratum corneum integrity, did not cause erythema, and improved hydration in the same volunteers.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30548578/
  Topical emollients, particularly sunflower seed oil, appear to reduce the incidence of skin infections.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32994929/
  The health benefits of sunflower include blood pressure and diabetic control, skin protection, and lowering cholesterol and other functions.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36409190/
  Sunflower Oil is harmless to the skin of neonates and can be used to maintain their skin integrity.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20199440/
  As PPAR-alpha agonists have been shown to stimulate keratinocyte differentiation, improve barrier function, and enhance lipid metabolism in the skin, it has been suggested that SOD might also be efficacious in atopic dermatitis (AD). An initial clinical evaluation of the care effect of a 2% SOD emulsion in 20 adult volunteers with atopic skin revealed the moisturizing properties of SOD. Finally, a strong steroid-sparing effect and a positive effect on quality-of-life parameters were clearly demonstrated for the 2% SOD cream in studies in infants and babies with AD.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32127969/
  This nanoemulsion formulation could be considered more effective in sunscreen cosmetic use compare to the emulsion.

Hemp (Cannabis Sativa Seed oil)

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7736837/
  Hemp is proven to help with a wide variety of skin disorders and health including acne, wrinkles, wound healing, moisturization, inflammatory issues and more.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34785006/
  In vitro and in vivo studies of Cannabis have suggested it has favorable effects on regulating pain, pruritus, and inflammation, making it a potentially attractive therapeutic agent for many dermatologic conditions. Use in skin cancer, acne, psoriasis, pruritus, dermatitis, scleroderma, dermatomyositis, cutaneous lupus erythematous, epidermolysis bullosa, pain, and wound healing.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35695447/
  Together with the discovery of the cannabinoid receptors on the skin, it has been further illustrated that topical cannabis has anti-inflammatory, anti-itching, analgesics, wound healing and anti-proliferative effects on the skin.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33335413/
  In particular, cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound from the cannabis plant, has garnered significant attention in recent years for its anecdotal therapeutic potential for various pathologies, including skin and cosmetic disorders.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33851375/
  Phytocannabinoids have demonstrated several beneficial properties at the cutaneous (skin) level. These properties include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-acne effects. These effects are mediated through various mechanisms, both dependent and independent of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2).

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7913911/
  In addition to the previously known antioxidant properties of the tested extracts, which can have a positive effect on the structure and condition of skin cells, this work also shows other benefits of hemp extracts. The abilities of inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases, collagenase and elastase, presented for the first time in this work, as well as proven antioxidant properties make these extracts valuable ingredients for the production of a wide range of products that can be used in the treatment and care of the skin. Due to the high demand for preparations that inhibit the aging processes of the skin, the effect of hemp extracts on skin hydration and the possibility of preventing the degradation of collagen and elastin fibers presented here indicates the value of these extracts. The lack of a negative effect on the metabolic activity and viability of skin cells indicate the legitimacy of including hemp extracts in the recipes of skin care cosmetics as well as medicinal preparations.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7913911/
  The hydrogel formulations containing hemp extracts were shown to improve skin hydration and reduce transepidermal water loss (TEWL). It indicates that after 5 hours of application, the increase in skin moisture for the hydrogels with 1.0% hemp extract was about 10% for one type of extract and 5% for another type. The reduction in TEWL was about 20–30% lower than for skin treated with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS).

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33557174/
  The obtained results indicate that hemp extracts can be a valuable source of biologically active substances that reduce oxidative stress, inhibit skin aging processes and positively affect the viability of skin cells. The analysis also showed that hydrogels based on cannabis extracts have a positive effect on skin hydration.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8878527/
  The discovery of a skin endocannabinoid system and its role in maintaining skin homeostasis, alongside the anti-inflammatory actions of cannabinoids, has raised interest in their use for the treatment of skin inflammatory diseases, which is the focus of this review

• https://chat.openai.com/?model=gpt-4-browsing
  A polycaprolactone (PCL) patch was developed to study the long-term release of hemp seed oil on a skin model and on human skin. It was found that up to 55% of the oil was released within 6 hours, and the moisturization of the volunteers’ skin increased by around 25%

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9210160/
  there is overwhelming clinical evidence suggesting the beneficial effects of topical cannabinoids in treating a myriad of skin conditions.
  A topical endocanabinnoids-containing emollient provided an average of an 86% reduction in subjective pruritus. In a 3-week open-label study involving 21 patients with uremic pruritus, a topical application of endocanabinnoids-containing cream twice a day for three weeks resulted in total elimination of pruritus in more than 38% of the subjects, and another 52% of them reported significantly reduced pruritus.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34363728/
  Human clinical studies suggest that cannabinoids may be used in eczema, acne, pruritus, and systemic sclerosis treatment. Cannabidiol (CBD) may enhance hair growth via multiple mechanisms.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30142706/
  After conducting our analysis, we found that cannabinoid products have the potential to treat a variety of skin conditions, including acne vulgaris, allergic contact dermatitis, asteatotic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, Kaposi sarcoma, pruritus, psoriasis, skin cancer, and the cutaneous manifestations of systemic sclerosis.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599175/
  The authors reviewed the literature on the pharmacology and use of cannabinoids in treating a variety of skin conditions including acne, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, skin cancer, pruritus, and pain. Cannabinoids have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, anti-ageing, and antimalignancy properties by various mechanisms including interacting with the newly found endocannabinoid system of the skin thereby providing a promising alternative to traditional treatments.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9917174/

1. CBG, which is a substance from a plant, stopped the growth of Staphylococci bacteria really well when used in high amounts (about 96-97% stopped). It also reduced the growth of E. coli and P. aeruginosa bacteria, but not as much as Staphylococci. When used in a medium amount (about half of the high amount), it stopped about 57-63% of these bacteria.
2. CBD, another substance from the same plant, didn't work as well against Staphylococci as CBG did. It only stopped about 41% of these bacteria. However, it worked better against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, stopping about 79% and 73% of them at the highest amount.
3. They also tested ethanol, which is a type of alcohol, as a control. Ethanol didn't work very well against Staphylococci (only about 9-22% stopped), but it did stop about 40% of P. aeruginosa.
4. The important thing is that CBG and CBD worked better than ethanol against these bacteria, especially at the highest amount used.

Important for:

1. Acne Prevention: Staphylococci and other bacteria can contribute to the development of acne when they colonize hair follicles and pores on the skin. By inhibiting biofilm formation, CBG and CBD may help reduce the proliferation of these bacteria, potentially contributing to a reduction in acne breakouts.
2. Skin Health: Biofilms formed by bacteria can compromise the skin's natural defenses and contribute to various skin issues, including infections, irritations, and inflammation. Inhibiting biofilm formation may support overall skin health by reducing the risk of these problems.
3. Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Some studies suggest that cannabinoids like CBD have anti-inflammatory properties, which could benefit the skin by reducing redness, swelling, and discomfort associated with inflammatory skin conditions like acne, eczema, or psoriasis.
4. Skin Aging: Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress can accelerate skin aging. By reducing inflammation and acting as antioxidants, CBG and CBD may help protect the skin from premature aging, promoting a more youthful and vibrant complexion.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30993303/
  the results showed that topical treatment with CBD-enriched ointment significantly improved the skin parameters, the symptoms and also the PASI index score. No irritant or allergic reactions were documented during the period treatment.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34577578/
  Cannabidiol Application Increases Cutaneous Aquaporin-3 and Exerts a Skin Moisturizing Effect
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35056807/
  CBG serum showed statistically significant improvement above placebo for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and reduction in the appearance of redness. Altogether, CBG's broad range of in vitro and clinical skin health-promoting activities demonstrates its strong potential as a safe, effective ingredient for topical use and suggests there are areas where it may be more effective than CBD.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8778347/
  We demonstrate here for the first time that CBG in a clinical study is both safe and effective in promoting skin health by reducing the appearance of redness and improving barrier function better than a placebo. CBG exhibits a broad range of in vitro activity, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-acne, and anti-aging properties. Based on the data reported here, CBG is an attractive new candidate for dermatological use, outperforming its more well-known derivative, CBD. Lastly, utilizing our novel yeast fermentation technology platform, we can produce CBG and other minor cannabinoids with higher purity using a more sustainable and cost-effective process compared to C. sativa plant extraction and chemical synthesis.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10045493/
  Over the last two decades, the antioxidant potential of Rosmarinus officinalis and its bioactive constituents has been extensively investigated in both in vitro and in vivo studies, especially for its promising therapeutic effects on UV-induced photoaging, atopic dermatitis (AD) and pollution-induced skin aging. It improved all clinical–biochemical parameters monitored, including increased skin elasticity, reinforced skin barrier function and a reduction in wrinkle depth and black spots in the enrolled patients

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7284349/
  R. officinalis extract was responsible for 86% inhibition of fungal growth

  The survival rates were 29%, 59%, and 67% for groups I, II, and III, respectively. Compared with the control (group I), tissue necrosis was significantly lower and tissue viability was significantly higher in groups II and III. Topical application of the oil in the week before the surgery increased the tissue survival rate (higher in group III than in group II). The study reported antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilatory activities of the oil as factors for the increased tissue survival

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36477988/
  The ROe exhibited a sun protection factor (SPF) value of 7.56 ± 0.16 in vitro. This suggests that it has commercially viable SPF activity, which can help protect the skin from the harmful effects of UVB radiation.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27994918/
  We have determined that, in addition to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects, R. officinalis has vasodilatory effects that contribute to increased skin flap survival.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4931025/
  Treated subjects showed a decrease of the UVB- and UVA-induced skin alterations (decreased skin redness and lipoperoxides) and an improvement of skin wrinkledness and elasticity.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4931025/
  90 healthy persons.

  • Wrinkle Depth: Decreased by -14.8% in 2 months
  • Skin Elasticity: Increased by +9% in 2 months
  • UV protection: +30%

  Positive effects such as reduced UVR-induced erythema, decreased skin LPO, decreased wrinkle depth, and increased elasticity are noted as short as 2 weeks of product consumption.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37200757/
  It was observed that the formulated 1% herbal hair lotion passed all the evaluation parameters and showed a significant hair growth promoting activity than the standard drug-treated animals.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30345227/
  R. officinalis extract showed promising results in treatment of resistant asthma. Further studies to find the most effective components of these herbal medicines are recommended.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6190250/
  R. officinalis treated group showed significant improvement in clinical symptoms including cough (decreased by 37%), sputum (decreased by 48%) and wheezy chest reported by patients (decreased by 31%) compared to baseline values (p<0.05 to p<0.001).

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9338973/
  In the wound-healing scratch assay, Rosemary Herbal Extract (RHE) significantly enhanced the migration and repopulation of keratinocytes, which are essential for wound closure and tissue repair. Specifically, at a concentration of 10 µg/mL, RHE demonstrated a closure percentage of 91.85 ± 5.1%, which is significantly higher compared to the control group's closure percentage of 59.25 ± 3.3%. This indicates that RHE could potentially be more effective in promoting wound healing compared to the control and even compared to calendula hexane and ethanol extracts as mentioned in the text.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37535015/
  Scientists found that rosemary can affect certain channels in our nerves and muscles, making them work better and helping to relax blood vessels.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25794239/
  In the study described, rosemary extract (RE) was found to stimulate glucose uptake in L6 myotubes, which are muscle cells, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Here are the key findings:

  1. Glucose Uptake Stimulation: RE increased glucose uptake in L6 myotubes. The maximum stimulation was observed with 5 μg/mL of RE for 4 hours, resulting in a 184% increase compared to the control group. This response was similar to the maximum stimulation achieved by insulin (207%) and metformin (216%).
  2. Mechanism of Action: RE's effect on glucose uptake involved the activation of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. However, it did not affect the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 and Akt.
  3. Inhibitor Response: The glucose uptake stimulated by RE was significantly reduced when an AMPK inhibitor (compound C) was used, suggesting that AMPK activation played a critical role in this process. In contrast, the presence of a PI3K inhibitor (wortmannin) did not change the RE-induced glucose uptake.
  4. Transporter Translocation: Unlike insulin or metformin, which caused the translocation of both GLUT4 and GLUT1 glucose transporters, RE did not have a significant effect on the translocation of these transporters.

• https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5d4cbfb00e6b2e00019b59b2/t/61f03232e0c0ab15a2b7be6a/1643131442668/rosemaryminoxidil.pdf

  • The participants in the study were losing their hair, but after using Rosemary for 6 months their hair count had increased by 5.5%. At 3 months it was no difference in hair count.
    • Scientifically measured stop in hair loss were seen after 3 months use
    • Scientifically measured hair growth were seen after 6 months use

  clinical trial using rosemary for 6 months:

  • 100% of people experienced less hair loss
  • 58% experienced more hair growth with Rosemary than the popular medication Minoxidil
  • 38% experienced more hair growth

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22517595
  Inhibited the activity of the known hair loss enzyme 5α-reductase by 94.6%

• https://cms.gulhanemedj.org/Uploads/Article_32676/GMJ-57-233-En.pdf
  Hair regrowth was observed in 37 patients (93%)

Arnica (Arnica Montana)

• https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ics.12815
  Out of 380 natural plants and flowers. Arnica montana L. flower extract demonstrated the best effects. After 4weeks, 92% of the participants noticed an improvement in facial skin volume. As expected, the volume increase caused a significant improvement in smile line wrinkles (Figure 6b). None of the participants suffered any adverse reactions or side effects from the AFE.

• https://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/abstract/2007/07000/a_randomized,_controlled_comparison_between_arnica.39.aspx
  This study suggests that both arnica and corticosteroids may be effective in reducing edema during the early postoperative period.

• https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15569527.2020.1743998
  our results demonstrated that Arnica montana reduced the UVB-induced inflammatory response as demonstrated by the reduction of ear edema, inhibition of myeloperoxidase activation, decrease of nuclear factor kappa B levels and reduction of proinflammatory cytokines levels, such as interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36752313/
  Expression levels of collagen I were increased in the ARN and ARN + MC groups when compared with control and MC groups on Day 6, while expression of collagen III was enhanced in MC, ARN, and ARN + MC groups when compared with the control. The protocol combining microcurrent with topical application of ARN reduces the inflammatory process, increases myofibroblasts proliferation and decreases the presence of macrophages in the dermis during skin repair

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5605207/
  The topical application of an A. montana-containing gel demonstrated beneficial effects on experimental wound healing in an animal model32 and an A. montana-containing ointment improved pulsed-dye laser-induced bruising in human volunteers.33

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37541071/
  The group treated with the plant extract at a concentration of 10% significantly increased FGF-2, VEGF-A expression, and collagen formation, which are important criteria for wound healing.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27847336/
  Many studies have shown that the extracts and some compounds isolated from this plant exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities such as antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and chelating activities, as well as insecticidal and phytotoxic activity.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15490315/
  Altogether, this study shows that a sufficient amount of SLs might permeate the skin barrier by using Arnica preparations to exert anti-inflammatory effects and that the topical use of plant preparations may be advantageous compared to the isolated compounds.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25724362/
  These results suggest that AM-2 and A. montana extract could be beneficial for use in hypopigmenting cosmetics as a consequence of their stimulatory effects on HSP70 expression.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32956264/
  Mud Pack With Menthol and Arnica Montana Accelerates Recovery Following a High-Volume Resistance Training Session for Lower Body in Trained Men

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35890075/
  The STLs and the AT possess a very high in vitro activity against both Leishmania species with median effective concentrations (EC50) ranging from 1.9 to 5.9 μg/mL. The AT was not cytotoxic for human tissue macrophages, skin fibroblasts, and hepatic cells. The therapeutic response of hamsters infected with L. braziliensis to the topical treatment with AT was 87.5% at a dose of 19.2 μg STL/2× day/60 d, 72.7% at doses of 19.2 μg STL/1× d/60 d and 67% at a dose of 38.4 μg STL/2× d/60 d. In turn, the therapeutic response in hamsters infected with L. tropica was 100% when treated at a dose of 19.2 μg STL/2× day/60 d and 71% at a dose of 38.4 μg STL/2× d/60 d. On the other hand, the effectiveness of treatment with glucantime administered intralesionally at a dose of 200 mg/every three days for 30 days was 62.5% for L. braziliensis and 37.5% for L. tropica infection. These results are promising and encourage the implementation of clinical trials with AT in CL patients as a first step to using AT as a drug against CL.

Camphor Oil (Cinnamomum Camphora)

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6629446/
  In conclusion, CCex inhibited the production of MDC, a principal chemokine in skin inflammation via down-regulation of STAT1 and ERK1/2 signaling and improved several symptoms (ear edema, serum IgE levels, histological change, lymph node size). These results suggest that C. camphora leaves help in the treatment of allergic inflammation such as AD.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28429097/ 
  In this study, it has been demonstrated that administration of CV has a therapeutic potential on CIA. The data suggest that CV could have a potential role in the treatment of RA patients.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16182479/
  The extracts from Cinnamomum camphora helped stop the production of some chemicals called IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, which are linked to inflammation. It reduced these chemicals by about 70%.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9568346/
  Camphor, a potent wound healing and ant wrinkle drug, reduced MMP1 expression but increased collagen and elastin expression in skin after 4 weeks of therapy. Camphor is known for its analgesic properties, which can provide relief from muscle and joint pain. Camphor has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in various studies. This property can be beneficial for reducing inflammation in muscles and joints. Camphor can work synergistically with other essential oils or herbal extracts known for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874120334024?via%3Dihub
  This study investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of BEO in vitro and in vivo. BEO nano-emulsion inhibited the heat-induced erythrocyte hemolysis (IC50 = 5.29 mg/mL) and hypotonic solution-induced erythrocyte hemolysis (IC50 = 0.26 mg/mL).
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25451841/
  Application of camphor or menthol separately induced increases in local blood flow in the skin and muscle. The present results indicate that camphor induces both cold and warm sensations and improves blood circulation.

Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25050303/
  Our results revealed significant improvement in all of the variables after oral administration of peppermint essential oil. Experimental group compared with control group showed an incremental and a significant increase in the grip force (36.1%), standing vertical jump (7.0%), and standing long jump (6.4%). Data obtained from the experimental group after five minutes exhibited a significant increase in the forced vital capacity in first second (FVC1)(35.1%), peak inspiratory flow rate (PIF) (66.4%), and peak expiratory flow rate (PEF) (65.1%)

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31612595/
  The findings revealed a strong muscle inhibitory and pro-secretory action of peppermint at clinically relevant concentrations. Both actions were nerve-independent.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1646142/
  It is concluded that peppermint oil relaxes gastrointestinal smooth muscle by reducing calcium influx.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3607906/
  This study investigated the effects of oral supplementation with peppermint essential oil on exercise performance and various physiological parameters in healthy male university students. Here are the key findings from the study:

  Physiological Parameters Obtained by Gas Analyzer (Pre-test vs. Post-test):

  • VO2 (Oxygen Uptake): Increased by 10.5% after supplementation.
  • VCO2 (Carbon Dioxide Elimination): Increased by 21.1% after supplementation.
  • VE (Minute Ventilation): Increased by 38% after supplementation.
  • RR (Respiratory Rate): Increased by 28.7% after supplementation.
  • PETO2 (End-Tidal Oxygen Tension): Increased by 8.3% after supplementation.
  • PETCO2 (End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Tension): Decreased by 16.2% after supplementation.
  • DFCO2/DFO2 (Ratio of End-Tidal CO2 to End-Tidal O2): Increased by 7.4% after supplementation.
  • RER (Respiratory Exchange Ratio): Increased by 8.7% after supplementation.
  • VO2/Kg (Oxygen Uptake per Kilogram of Body Weight): Increased by 11.1% after supplementation.
  • VCO2/Kg (Carbon Dioxide Elimination per Kilogram of Body Weight): Increased by 20.7% after supplementation.
  • VE/Kg (Minute Ventilation per Kilogram of Body Weight): Increased by 37.6% after supplementation.
  • EQO2 (Ventilatory Equivalents for O2): Increased by 26.7% after supplementation.
  • EQCO2 (Ventilatory Equivalents for CO2): Increased by 19% after supplementation.
  • VT (Tidal Volume): Increased by 17.1% after supplementation.
  • VA (Alveolar Ventilation): Increased by 36.4% after supplementation.
  • METS (Metabolic Equivalent): Increased by 11.3% after supplementation.
  • EE (Energy Expenditure): Increased by 12.6% after supplementation.
  • FETO2 (Fractional End-Tidal O2 Concentration): Increased by 9.3% after supplementation.
  • FETCO2 (Fractional End-Tidal CO2 Concentration): Decreased by 15.1% after supplementation.
  • CHO (Carbohydrate Utilization): Increased by 34.8% after supplementation.
  • FAT (Fat Utilization): Increased by 13.6% after supplementation.

  Exercise Performance Parameters (Pre-test vs. Post-test):

  • Horizontal Distance: Increased by 40.7% after supplementation.
  • Vertical Distance: Increased by 52.3% after supplementation.
  • Work: Increased by 51.5% after supplementation.
  • Power: Increased by 21.9% after supplementation.
  • Time to Exhaustion: Increased by 24.9% after supplementation.

  Spirometry Parameters (Pre-test vs. Post-test):

  • FVC (Forced Vital Capacity): Increased by 4.8% after supplementation.
  • PEF (Peak Expiratory Flow Rate): Increased by 4.35% after supplementation.
  • PIF (Peak Inspiratory Flow): Increased by 15.1% after supplementation.

  Cardiopulmonary Parameters (Pre-test vs. Post-test):

  • Resting Heart Rate: Decreased by 4.8% after supplementation.
  • Maximum Heart Rate: Increased by 8% after supplementation.
  • Systolic Blood Pressure: Decreased by 6.2% after supplementation.
  • Diastolic Blood Pressure: Decreased by 7.8% after supplementation.
  • Chest Circumference at Max. Inhale: Increased by 0.6% after supplementation.
  • Chest Circumference at Max. Exhale: Decreased by 1.6% after supplementation.

  Conclusions:

  • The study suggests that oral supplementation with peppermint essential oil had significant positive effects on exercise performance, respiratory function, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory gas exchange parameters.
  • These effects may be related to factors such as improved respiratory muscle strength, reduced airway and bronchial smooth muscle tonicity, and enhanced energy metabolism.
  • Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms of these effects and to confirm the findings of this study.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7954745/
  A significant analgesic effect with a reduction in sensitivity to headache was produced by a combination of peppermint oil and ethanol.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10254935/
  The study indicates that peppermint essential oil inhalation significantly extended the time to exhaustion in rats subjected to exhaustive swimming tests following two weeks of endurance training. The swimming time was extended with 130.5%.

  When rats breathed in a lot of peppermint essential oil, their blood sugar went up by about 63%, but their muscle pain (lactate) and muscle damage (LDH) went down by a lot, around 65% and 74% less, which might make them less tired after exercise.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7871606/
  The nanoemulsion containing essential oils of peppermint and rosemary reduces osteoarthritis pain via increasing antioxidant capacity and improving the histopathological features of the knee joint.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7767097/
  Mints have been used for centuries to address various inflammatory conditions, including pain, erythema (redness), and fever. The text mentions their use in classical antiquity.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25192562/
  The essential oil cream developed in this study can be used to improve neck pain. This study appears to be the first to quantify this by using PPT and MAS.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31230211/
  Topical irritants such as peppermint oil (PO) are effective in relieving inflammatory muscle pain. Our results demonstrated that topical irritants may alleviate inflammatory muscle pain via activating cutaneous nociceptors and subsequently inhibiting the abnormal activity of muscular nociceptive neurons.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31695482/
  The study found that peppermint aromatherapy led to a 14% reduction in pain severity compared to the control group, and there was a significant difference in pain levels between the two groups.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30771044/
  In this study, they gave patients with swallowing difficulties and chest pain peppermint oil (PO) tablets. About 63% of the patients reported feeling better, with some saying they were much better and others saying they were slightly better. None of the patients said they felt worse.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37850332/
  Peppermint may suppress inflammation by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase/unc-51 like kinase 1/nuclear factor-E2 associated factor 2 autophagy pathway, downregulating extracellular signal-regulated kinase-nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen activated protein kinases pathways, attenuating oxidative stress,

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34201645/
  The results of the study indicated that both mint oils are great candidate feed additives due to their in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4289931/
  The animals were randomized into 4 groups based on different topical applications: saline (SA), jojoba oil (JO), 3% minoxidil (MXD), and 3% peppermint oil (PEO). The hair growth effects of the 4-week topical applications were evaluated in terms of hair growth, histological analysis, enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gene expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), known bio-markers for the enhanced hair growth. Of the 4 experimental groups, PEO group showed the most prominent hair growth effects; a significant increase in dermal thickness, follicle number, and follicle depth.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23196150/#:~:text=It is also known that,application%2C measured by laser doppler.
  It is also known that peppermint oil induces a significant increase of the skin blood flow

• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S094471131180053X?via%3Dihub
  The combination of peppermint oil, eucalyptus oil and ethanol can increase cognitive performance while having a muscle-relaxing and mentally relaxing effect. The essential plant oil preparations can thus be shown by laboratory tests to exert significant effects on mechanisms associated with the pathophysiology of clinical headache syndromes.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4289931/
  In our study, we found that PEO induced very thick and long hair after 4-week topical application and promoted the elongation of hair follicles from the epidermis down to the subcutis in a vertical section (Fig. 3), showing in the stage of anagen III

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9868176/
  An aqueous extract of eucalyptus (AEE) (0.5 g/L) enhanced 2-deoxy-glucose transport by 50%, glucose oxidation by 60% and incorporation of glucose into glycogen by 90% in mouse abdominal muscle.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3703330/
  In summary, this study, which investigated the effects of eucalyptus oil inhalation on patients who underwent TKR, showed that eucalyptus oil inhalation was effective in reducing patient's subjective pain and blood pressure after surgery. VAS pain scores after aromatherapy on days 1–3 decreased 1.1 ± 0.2, 1.2 ± 0.2, and 1.2 ± 0.2 points, respectively, from the scores before inhalation (Figure 1(a)). In the control group, however, VAS pain scores on days 1–3 increased 0.4 ± 0.2, 0.3 ± 0.2, and 0.1 ± 0.1 points, respectively, from the scores before inhalation. Overall, VAS pain scores were significantly lower in the eucalyptus oil group than in the control group (P < .001, Figure 1(a)).
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14611892/
  Eucalyptus globulus (EG) had pain-relieving effects in tests. These oils also showed anti-inflammatory effects by reducing swelling in rat paws and preventing the migration of certain white blood cells into the abdominal cavity.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31091506/
  EOE, which is associated with the μ-opioid pain pathway, showed potential effects against somatic, inflammatory, and visceral pain and could be a potential therapeutic agent for pain.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1994967/
  There were statistically significant (P less than 0.05) increases in cutaneous blood flow (up to 4 times base-line) and skin temperatures (up to 0.8 degrees C higher than base-line) after the application of Eucalyptamint with the effects lasting up to 45 min after the application. The muscle temperature was also increased (0.4 degrees C) significantly (P less than 0.05) 30 min after application of the Eucalyptamint. There were no significant changes in the placebo application. The results of this study suggested that the new product of counterirritant, Eucalyptamint, produced significant physiologic responses that may be beneficial for pain relief and/or useful to athletes as a passive form of warm-up.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33920841/
  They found that UAL has several positive effects on different cells in the body. It reduces inflammation in immune cells, helps muscle cells take in glucose (sugar), and decreases the amount of fat in liver and fat cells. In fat cells, UAL also prevents the creation of new fat and promotes the burning of existing fat. These findings suggest that UAL could be a useful treatment for diabetes and obesity.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33652520/
  They found that as the amount of eucalyptus oil increased, the chickens grew better, had improved digestion, and showed positive changes in their blood and muscles. Overall, adding eucalyptus oil to their diet had several beneficial effects on the chickens.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10322318/ Eucalyptus essential oils represent an important source of antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial compounds, such as 1,8-cineole and α-pinene
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8706319/ Eucalyptus essential oil has demonstrated incredible health benefits and, because of this, is widely used in traditional medicine to treat symptoms of airborne infectious diseases, including the common cold, pulmonary tuberculosis, nasal congestion, sinusitis, bronchial disease, and asthma, and is also used as a disinfectant, antioxidant, and antiseptic agent, especially in the treatment of respiratory tract infections.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7126574/
  The essential oil, as well as leaf and bark extracts are particularly valuable as antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal agents, and their antiprotozoal activity
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36060153/
  The eucalyptus leads to pain reduction, and consequently, improves the quality of life of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37416804/
  Collectively, these results demonstrate that the essential oil from the leaves and branches of Eucalyptus species and varieties present potential biomedical applications and represent a source of antimicrobial and/or anti-inflammatory compounds.

Natural vitamin E (tocopherol)

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4976416/
  Vitamin E prevents lipid peroxidation of serum from bacterial-induced leakage through follicles and sebaceous glands, thus preventing inflammation due to peroxide irritation.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4976416/
  Topical vitamin E has emerged as a popular treatment for a number of skin disorders owing to its antioxidant properties. It has been seen that reactive oxygen species have the ability to alter the biosynthesis of collagen and glycosaminoglycans in skin
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15608499/
  In conclusion, the use of alpha-tocopherol-enriched rinse-off products may help to maintain the integrity of the skin barrier by providing protection against photooxidative stress at the level of skin surface lipids.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7633944/
  Vitamin E is the major naturally occurring lipid-soluble non-enzymatic antioxidant protecting skin from the adverse effects of oxidative stress including photoaging. Its chemistry and its physiological function as a major antioxidative and anti-inflammatory agent, in particular with respect to its photoprotective, antiphotoaging properties, are described by summarizing animal studies, in vivo tests on human skin and biochemical in vitro investigations.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9119243/
  UV-irradiation of skin destroys its antioxidants: however, prior application of tocopherol to skin results in preservation of vitamin E.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7706763/
  These results extend our previous observations of ultraviolet radiation-induced free-radical generation in skin and indicate the utility of tocopherol sorbate as an antioxidant in providing significant protection against ultraviolet radiation-induced oxidative damage.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18262176/
  These results confirm the efficacy of vitamin E against early inflammatory and oxidative stress responses
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10204088/
  After 24 hr, up to 65% of the label was absorbed by the skin and was also found in skin removed from areas of the back other than the application area, and internal organs such as liver and heart. Up to 6% was hydrolysed to free tocopherol. Topical treatment may be an alternative to oral administration in gastrointestinal malabsorption diseases.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9602862/
  These results demonstrate that topical administration of alpha-tocopherol protects cutaneous tissues against oxidative damage induced by UV irradiation in vivo, and suggest that the underlying mechanism of this effect involves the up-regulation of a network of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9588953/
  Therefore, supplementation with vitamin E in the form of tocotrienol may efficiently protect skin from aging. In this review, the effects of tocotrienol on skin health, including pigmentation, moisture, and wrinkles during aging and UV exposure, were systematically evaluated based on a literature search of the PubMed and Scopus databases. The present data showed that tocotrienols protect the skin from inflammation, UV radiation and melanin accumulation.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6816576/
  In human male subjects, vitamin E resulted in an increase in basal plasma testosterone and a better response of plasma testosterone levels to HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), a hormone that stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. This suggests that vitamin E can enhance the responsiveness of the gonadal axis to hormonal signaling.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2821655/
  The serum testosterone concentration was always lower in the vitamin E deficient group than in the control.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15458545/
  Vitamin E is quite an effective antioxidant which protects rabbit testis against lipid peroxidation, and, testosterone-induced lipid peroxidation could be improved by additional vitamin E treatment.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30399168/
  Both passive and active smoking depletes serum vitamins E and lowers testosterone levels. Lower serum vitamin E is pointer to increased oxidative stress which in conjunction with lower testosterone levels may lead to increased incidence of infertility in both active and passive male smokers.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21632572/
  vitamin E at 20 and 100 mg/kg reversed the decrease of testosterone and spermatozoa number; and vitamin E at 100 mg/kg decreased the damage of the testis structure caused by TCDD. The results indicate that vitamin E antagonizes the reproductive endocrine toxicity and alleviates the changes in testicular structure caused by TCDD.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7896882/
  It can be concluded that the administration of Vitamins C and E had a significant effect to alleviate SOD, MDA, GPx, and cortisol and to improve the testosterone level.

Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9824697/
  Lavender oil has a bactericidal effect, even on some antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, which is essential in the case of long-term acne treatment

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10489792/
  Linalyl acetate and linalool are the two main components of lavender essential oil and have demonstrated antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals and decreasing oxidative stress.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5878871/
  Our results suggest that LEO has antiedematogenic activity and possesses an anti-inflammatory activity, both in the topical treatment and orally.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27769632/
  The treatment with lavender ointment was noted to significantly enhance wound contraction rate (98%) and protein synthesis. Overall, the results provided strong support for the effective wound healing activity of lavender ointment, making it a promising candidate for future application as a therapeutic agent in tissue repairing processes associated with skin injuries.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4880962/
  This study demonstrated that topical application of lavender oil promoted collagen synthesis and differentiation of fibroblasts, accompanied by up-regulation of TGF-β. These data suggest that lavender oil has the potential to promote wound healing in the early phase by acceleration of formation of granulation tissue, tissue remodeling by collagen replacement and wound contraction through up-regulation of TGF-β. The beneficial effect of lavender oil on wound healing may raise the possibility of new approaches as complementary treatment besides conventional therapy.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32589447/
  these studies demonstrated a faster rate of wound healing, increased expression of collagen, and enhanced activity of proteins involved in the tissue remodeling process in wounds treated with lavender essential oil.

False daisy (Eclipta alba)

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18478241/
  The result of treatment with 2 and 5% Eclipta alba extracts were better than the positive control minoxidil 2% treatment.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19481595/
  These findings suggest that methanol extract of Eclipta alba may have potential as a hair growth promoter.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25484129/
  Our results also demonstrated that PEE significantly (p<0.001) reduced the levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression during early anagen and anagen-catagen transition. Our results suggest that PEE of E. alba acts as an important exogenous mediator that stimulates follicular keratinocyte proliferation and delays terminal differentiation by downregulating TGF-β1 expression. Thus, this study highlights the potential use of PEE of E. alba in the treatment of certain types of alopecia.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6374973/
  These results suggest that EP has a potency to enhance the growth of hair follicle, promoting hair growth through regulation of FGF-7 and FGF-5.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25478567/
  Therefore, Eclipta alba extract and/or phytochemicals strongly displayed incomparability of hair growth promotion activity than others

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17524127/
  Quantitative analysis of hair growth cycle after treatment with formulations and minoxidil (2%) exhibited greater number of hair follicles in anagenic phase compared with control. The results thus corroborate with the traditionally acclaimed hair growth-promoting capabilities of the plants. The prepared formulation also holds potential for treatment of alopecia.

Wild ginger (Asiasari radix)

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15862941
  Among the tested plant extracts, the extract of Asiasari radix showed the most potent hair growth stimulation
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31462222/
  The treatment of ARE preferentially induces apoptosis in melanoma cells by the ROS-dependent differential regulation of the p53 level. Therefore, ARE can be used as a new medicinal option for melanoma.

Tumeric (Curcuma longa)

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10334826/
  The ZnMOF-MN treatment is a comprehensive solution with excellent therapeutic efficacy and patient-friendly features for promoting hair growth under various clinical conditions.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33522006/
  Curcuma species (Curcuma longa and Curcuma aeruginosa) and curcumin were found to produce various dermatological effects, including influencing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory processes in the production of hyaluronan, increasing skin moisture, and reducing axillary hair growth.

Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens)

• https://hbtimes.jp/deta/bcen.pdf
  After a 6 month treatment, 93.3% of the subjects see a general reduction in hair loss and 79.0% of them define it as significantly high; 83.3% notice a thicker and bulky hair; 90.0% feel the hair stronger with a better combing effect, 88.5% experience a reduction of greasiness.

  As secondary outcomes, 89.3% of subjects highlight an improvement of nail strength and 72.4% notice a reduction in skin greasiness and redness (data not shown).

  At the end of the study, 93.0% of subjects were satisfied with the results. The product is well tolerated, with a good feel and without any adverse event reported.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26010505/
  Increased terminal hair count at 12 and 24 wk (21.4 and 74.1%, respectively)

• https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vincenzo-Nobile/publication/322075517_Efficacy_and_Safety_of_a_Food_Supplement_Containing_L-cystine_Serenoa_repens_Extract_and_Biotin_for_Hair_Loss_in_Healthy_Males_and_Females_A_Prospective_Randomized_Double-blinded_Controlled_Clinical_T/links/5a54b7840f7e9b205de2e9d6/Efficacy-and-Safety-of-a-Food-Supplement-Containing-L-cystine-Serenoa-repens-Extract-and-Biotin-for-Hair-Loss-in-Healthy-Males-and-Females-A-Prospective-Randomized-Double-blinded-Controlled-Clinic.pdf
  23.4% increase in the anagen/telogen ratio noted from baseline

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29141069/
  Subjective improvement in hair growth and temple area coverage; also decreased shedding

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7706486/
  Significantly improved hair growth and density (negative pull test)

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38021422/
  At the end of the study, oral and topical formulations of VISPO reduced hair fall by up to 29% (p<0.001) and 22.19% (p<0.01) from the baseline, respectively. Hair density increased by 5.17% and 7.61% in the oral and topical VISPO groups, respectively (p<0.001).

Horsetail (Equisetum arvense)

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28994714/
  In conclusion, EA was suggested as the most attractive ingredients for functional food and nutraceuticals because of the high inhibitory activity against 5α-reductase, IL-6 secretion, and lipid peroxidation inhibition.

Ginseng (Rhodiola rosea)

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6163201/#B36-ijms-19-02703
  The promotion of hair growth and prevention of hair loss by ginseng and its metabolites are associated with the induction of anagen and delaying of catagen phases.
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24375856/
  It may be concluded that Rg3 might increase hair growth through stimulation of hair follicle stem cells and it has the potential to be used in hair growth products.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350143/
  In conclusion, RGE may promote hair growth, possibly through the synergistic effects of its ginsenosides, including ginsenoside-Rb1 and -Rg3. Possible mechanisms include the indirect stimulation to hair follicular keratinocytes, which are possibly mediated by DPCs through the ERK and AKT signaling pathways, and protection against the DHT-induced suppression of hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation through inhibiting DHT-induced upregulation of androgen receptor in DPCs.
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845321000014
  Red ginseng oil promotes hair growth
• https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3107
  In summary, PG extract has the potential to protect apoptosis in HFs. These findings suggested that PG extract may enhance ORS and hDPC stimulation of HF growth despite the presence of DKK-1, a strong catagen inducer via apoptosis.

Pumpkin Seed (Cucurbitae semen)

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6823528/
  In conclusion, as topical application of PSO showed hair growth promotion, it might be regarded as a promising alternative for treatment of male pattern alopecia. Also, considering its composition, free fatty acids and minor components like phytoestrogens and vitamin E may have contributed to this effect.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017725/
  At 12 and 24 weeks, there were 30% and 40% mean increases in hair counts from baseline in PSO-treated men
• https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jocd.13976

Derma Roller

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23960389
  Dermaroller along with ingredients treated group was statistically superior to ingredients treated group in promoting hair growth in men with AGA for all 3 primary efficacy measures of hair growth.

  82% of people using dermaroller reported more than 50% hair improvement

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34714971/
  Microneedling monotherapy significantly increased total hair count more than topical minoxidil 5%

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32897622/
  Microneedling with a depth of 0.6 mm in combination with minoxidil is more effective than minoxidil monotherapy in patients with AGA in terms of hair count and hair thickness. This depth of penetration tended to be more beneficial than depth of 1.2 mm.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27746638/
  We found that the optimal length and cycle of microneedle treatment on hair growth was 0.25 mm/10 cycles and 0.5 mm/10 cycles. Repeated microneedle stimulation promoted hair growth, and it also induced the enhanced expression of Wnt3a, β-catenin, VEGF, and Wnt10b.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31254437/
  All the patients reported a partial or complete reduction in hair loss, associated to the perception of improvement of hair density and thickening of the hair shaft diameter, results confirmed by clinical iconography and trichoscopy.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4458936/
  All patients showed a response of + 2 to + 3 on a standardized 7-point evaluation scale. The response in the form of new hair growth started after 8-10 sessions.

Magnesium

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35876008/

Fatty Acids (Omega 6 and 7)

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35876008/

Exercise

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8018252/
  Exercise improves the skin’s ability to retain moisture and may prevent future skin problem. Further studies into this relationship may help in the treatment of dry skin and related skin problems.

Grounding

• https://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation?PaperID=51326#.VHDemfnF8SA
  The results demonstrate, for the first time, that even one-hour contact with the Earth restores blood flow regulation to the face that may enhance skin tissue repair, health and vitality, and optimize facial appearance, which may also have broad implications for overall cardiovascular function and health.